Non-lead resistor composition

ABSTRACT

A non-lead composition for use as a thick-film resistor paste in electronic applications. The composition comprises particles of Li 2 RuO 3  of diameter between 0.5 and 5 microns and a lead-free frit. The particles have had the lithium at or near primarily the surface of the particle at least partially exchanged for atoms of other metals.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates to a composition for use in the production ofresistors for electronic applications. The composition is prepared fromnon-lead materials that include lithium and ruthenium, and may beprepared in the form of a thick-film paste.

BACKGROUND

Existing conductive intermediates (such as ruthenium dioxide,silver/palladium solid solutions, and bismuth ruthenate) combined withnon-lead frits can form the low-resistance end of an essentiallylead-free resistor system (10 to 1000 ohms), while existing conductives(such as ruthenium dioxide, bismuth ruthenate and strontium ruthenate)with non-lead frits could be used to make a 10 kilohm member. Ceramicresistor systems commonly include individual decade members which rangebetween 10 ohms/square and 1 megohm/square. Resistors in these seriesmust be insensitive enough to variations in thermal process conditionsto be used on high speed manufacturing lines. Currently, most commercialresistor systems in the 100 kilohm to 1 megohm range utilizelead-containing frits and/or lead-containing conductive phases, such asformulations containing either lead ruthenate, or RuO₂ and high-leadfrits.

Fukaya and Matsuo (1997, 97 ISHM Symposia Proceedings, pp. 65-71)describe a RuO₂/sodium alkaline-earth alumino-borosilicate frit resistorsystem that can be fired on alumina substrates or an LTCC system asdescribed therein. The resistance of the system extends generally from10 ohms to 500 kilohms. ±100 ppm/° C. TCRs are reported from 100 ohms to500 kilohms.

Hormadaly (2002, 02 IMAPS Symposia Proceedings, pp. 543-547) describesresistors composed of M_(2-x)Cu_(x)RuO_(7-β), where x is 0.2 to 0.4, βis 0 to 1, and M is a rare earth element. An example of a 6.15 megohmthick-film resistor is given.

Atsushi et al (2002, JP 2002-101903) describe a resistor composed ofRuO₂ and a bismuth-bearing frit with or without bismuth ruthenate.

JP 2003-197405 describes RuO₂ and several ruthenates (such as CaRuO₃)combined with frits composed of many alkali and alkaline-earthborosilicates, and many transition metal drivers.

There nevertheless remains a need to find a non-leadconductive-oxide/frit combination that could provide resistorcompositions in the 100 kilohm to 10 megohm range, and preferably with±100 ppm/° C. TCRs.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows X-ray powder diffraction patterns for Li₂RuO₃ with varyingamounts of Li replaced with Al.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, this invention provides a composition that includesparticles of Li₂RuO₃ in which Li atoms have been exchanged for Al, Ga,K, Ca, Mn, Fe, H, Na, Cr, Co, Ni, V, Cu, Zn, or Ti atoms, or acombination thereof.

In another embodiment, this invention provides a composition describedby formula as follows: M⁺¹ _(x)M⁺² _(y)M⁺³ _(z)Li_(2-x-2y-3z)RuO₃ where(x+2y+3z)≦1.5, and where M is selected from one or more members of thegroup consisting of Al, Ga, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Na, H, Cr, Co, Ni, V, Cu, Zn,and Ti.

In a further embodiment, the above described compositions may be admixedwith one or both of an alkali metal, zinc alumino-borosilicate frit, andan alkaline-earth metal, zinc alumino-borosilicate frit. The resultingcomposition may be fabricated as a resistor that has desirable sheetresistance and TCR properties, and the resistor so obtained may be usedin an electronic device.

In yet another embodiment, this invention provides a method of preparinga Li₂RuO₃ composition by (a) providing Li₂RuO₃ particles having anaverage particle diameter between about 0.5 and about 5 microns; and (b)contacting the Li₂RuO₃ particles with a solution comprising ionsprepared from one or more of the elements selected from the groupconsisting of Al, Ga, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Na, H, Cr, Co, Ni, V, Cu, Zn, andTi.

This invention provides a composition including particles of Li₂RuO₃particles wherein the Li atoms at or near the particle surface have beenreplaced with atoms of other elements. Resistors comprising thismaterial can be made which show high resistance and ±100 ppm/° C. TCRswithout the use of toxic elements such as lead or cadmium.

The discovery that the conductive compositions disclosed herein aresuitable to shift the electrical resistance to a greater extent thanRuO₂ at the same conductive volume in a fired ceramic resistorformulation (employing, for example, glass, conductive and medium) makespossible a six- or seven-decade value resistor system in a lead-freechemistry.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This invention provides a chemically-modified lithium ruthenateconductive oxide. This material, when combined with an alkali- and/oralkaline-earth alumino-borosilicate frit, provides a composition thatmay be fabricated as an unencapsulated resistor having a desirablyhigh-ohm sheet resistance, such as a sheet resistance in the range ofabout 100 kilohms per square to about 1 megohm per square, preferably inthe range of about 100 kilohms per square to about 5 megohms per square,and more preferably in the range of about 100 kilohms per square toabout 10 megohms per square. These resistors may also have TCR (thermalcoefficient of resistance) values of ±100 ppm/° C.

The structure of Li₂RuO₃, as discussed in James and Goodenough, Journalof Solid State Chemistry 74, pp. 287-294, 1988, is composed in generalof two adjacent, alternating layers, one layer containing only Li ionsand the other containing both Ru and Li ions (ignoring the oxygenatoms). The Li-only layer is believed to contain about 75 mole % of thelithium in the structure, and these lithium ions may be readily removedvia ion exchange. Although the lithium ions are mobile in the Li layerof Li₂RuO₃, cations which have higher valence than Li (such as Mg⁺² orAl⁺³) are less mobile because of their higher charge and concomitantstronger bonding. Thus, while the invention is not limited to anyparticular theory of operation, it is believed that the exchanging ion,such as magnesium, first displaces lithium ions at or near the surfaceof the particle, and in the layer that is Li-only, and remains inessentially that position. The more magnesium ions that are available toexchange with the lithium ions, however, the deeper into the particlethe magnesium ions will travel until all the exchangeable lithium hasbeen removed or the magnesium ions in solution are exhausted. When Liions in the Li-only layer are replaced by an amount of exchanging ionsthat is not significantly greater than the amount of Li ions in thatlayer, this tends to produce from the Li layer a surface shell of theexchanging ion, and produce an internal core of remaining lithium ions.

Because the lithium ions are being substituted for ions of differentcharges and/or charge densities, the layer spacing in the ion-exchangedportion of the Li₂RuO₃ crystal will change. Cations with a highercharge, such as magnesium and aluminum, will tend to decrease that layerspacing. The location of the (002) line in the X-ray powder diffractionpattern of a composition in which Li is replaced by Al reflects thisshrinkage by shifting to higher 2θ, as shown in FIG. 1. In contrast,cations with lower charge densities, such as Na, will shift the (002)line to lower 2θ. Note in FIG. 1 how the largest (100%) peak in thestarting material [the (002) peak at ˜18° 2θ] shrinks with the extent ofthe ion exchange, and the new peak (˜19° 2θ) grows in. Once all thelithium in the lithium-only layer is removed (at about 75 mole % Li ionexchange), the original 100% peak is gone.

To effect the exchange of Li ions in Li₂RuO₃, particles of Li₂RuO₃ arepreferably milled to a diameter in the range of between about 0.5 andabout 5 microns, which is a size range that is generally suitable forlater screen printing to form a resistor. Any wet or dry millingtechnique can be used to effect size reduction of the Li₂RuO₃ particles,such as vibratory milling, ball milling, hammer milling, bead milling,rod milling, jet milling, or disk milling. The milling step can beperformed sequentially prior to, or simultaneously while, the ionexchange step is being performed. The milling and ion exchange steps canbe performed in separate vessels, or in the same vessel.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, however, in order to preservewhat is essentially a core-shell arrangement between a formerly Li-onlylayer that has been exchanged, the adjacent Li/Ru layer, and theadjacent, next alternating Li-only layer, the milling of the particlesshould be complete, or substantially complete, before the ion-exchangestep. If the ion-exchange step takes place before the milling step, thelithium-containing cores of the particles will be broken open andexposed to direct contact with the frit, and a resistor made from theresulting composition will very likely not have the desirable propertiesthat characterize resistors made from the compositions hereof.

In an alternative embodiment, this invention provides a compositiondescribed generally by formula as follows: M⁺¹ _(x)M⁺² _(y)M⁺³_(z)Li_(2-x-2y-3z)RuO₃ where (x+2y+3z)≦1.5, and where M is selected fromone or more members of the group consisting of Al, Ga, K, Ca, Mn, Fe,Na, H, Cr, Co, Ni, V, Cu, Zn, and Ti.

The formulae shown above describes each and all of the separate,individual compounds that can be formed in that formula by (1) selectionfrom within the prescribed range for one of the variable ions ornumerical coefficients while all of the other variable ions or numericalcoefficients are held constant, and (2) performing in turn the sameselection from within the prescribed range for each of the othervariable ions or numerical coefficients with the others being heldconstant. In addition to a selection made within the prescribed rangefor any of the variable ions or numerical coefficients of only one ofthe members of the group described by the range, a plurality ofcompounds may be described by selecting more than one but less than allof the members of the whole group of ions or numerical coefficients.When the selection made within the prescribed range for any of thevariable ions or numerical coefficients is a subgroup containing (i)only one of the members of the whole group described by the range, or(ii) more than one but less than all of the members of the whole group,the selected member(s) are selected by omitting those member(s) of thewhole group that are not selected to form the subgroup. The compound, orplurality of compounds, may in such event be characterized by adefinition of one or more of the variable ions or numerical coefficientsthat refers to the whole group of the prescribed range for that variablebut where the member(s) omitted to form the subgroup are absent from thewhole group.

During the ion-exchange step, the particles are agitated, by stirring ormilling or other suitable means, in a solution containing ions of Al,Ga, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Na, H, Cr, Co, Ni, V, Cu, Zn, Ti, or mixturesthereof. The ions are obtained by dissolving a soluble salt of thedesired element in a suitable solvent, preferably water or a mixture ofwater and a water-miscible solvent, such as an organic liquid such asmethanol. Upon exposure to the salt solution, lithium atoms within theLi₂RuO₃ particles are replaced with cations from the solution. Suitablesalts may be purchased commercially from suppliers such as Alfa Aesar(Ward Hill, Mass.), City Chemical (West Haven, Conn.), Fisher Scientific(Fairlawn, N.J.), Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.) or Stanford Materials(Aliso Viejo, Calif.). Suitable salts are nitrates, acetates, chlorides,fluorides, nitrites, sulfates, carbonates, or others which havesolubility in the solvent used. The amount of lithium that is removedfrom the starting material can be controlled in terms of the amount ofmetal ions provided to be available for ion exchange, up to andincluding about 75 mole % removal of the lithium. Typical removal is inthe range of about 25 mole % to about 60 mole % of the amount of Li ionsin the starting material. For example, half a mole of divalent ions willdisplace a mole of Li ions, and a third of a mole of trivalent ions willdisplace a mole of Li ions. If water is used as the solvent, protonsfrom the water can also displace some lithium in the lithium ruthenate.Thus, the lithium removed can be slightly more than what would bestoichiometrically expected from the quantity of metal salts used in theion-exchange process.

The ion exchange process can be run for a period of time (typically lessthan 24 hours) that has been determined, on average, to be required toobtain ion exchange in the Li₂RuO₃ composition to a desired extent; orthe progress of the exchange process can be monitored by analysis of theincreasing concentration of lithium in the solution. Such analysis canbe performed, for example, by induction coupled plasma-optical emissionspectroscopy. Alternatively, the depletion of the ion-exchanging cation,such as magnesium, can be monitored to signal the end of the process,such as the case where, for example, the metal salt was the limitingreagent. The sample would then be washed to remove any remaining salts.Washing can be done by any convenient means, either in batch orcontinuous modes, including centrifugation, decantation, re-suspension,filtration, or combinations thereof. The washed particles are thendried, and, if desired, deagglomerated by sieving.

To make a resistor, dried particles of an exchanged Li₂RuO₃ compositionmay be mixed with one or more glass materials known as frits. Fritssuitable for preparation of a composition from which a resistor may befabricated herein include one or both of an alkali metal, zincalumino-borosilicate frit, and an alkaline-earth metal, zincalumino-borosilicate frit, including without limitation the compositionsdescribed in the following Table 1, but this list should be taken asrepresentative only and not exhaustive. Frits such as those described inTable 1 may be acquired commercially from a variety of suppliers such asthose named above.

TABLE 1 Glass Compositions (all values are in weight %). No. SiO2 Al2O3ZnO CuO BaO MgO Na2O Li2O P2O5 B2O3 K2O TiO2 SrO 1 55.14 2.16 28.95 1.7210.03 2 2 51.42 6.4 28.61 1.7 9.91 1.96 3 35.65 8.75 36.84 1.86 5.982.52 4.84 0.23 3.32 4 64 8.5 14.5 1 12 5 61 8.5 14.5 3 1 12 6 68 14.58.5 1 8 7 55.98 2.1 28.18 3.94 7.82 1.99 8 61.14 4.56 7.49 2.52 6.8 2.315.18 9 60.07 3.67 7.36 6.68 6.03 1.28 14.92

Frits suitable for use in this invention typically have an averageparticle size in the range of about 0.5 to about 1.5 μm, and preferablyin the range of about 0.8 to about 1.2 μm. These frits are suitable forfiring to prepare a resistor at a temperature in the range of about 800to about 900° C., and more typically in the range of about 825 to about875° C. Frits suitable for use herein may be produced by conventionalglass-making techniques. Glasses were prepared, for example, in 500 to1000 gram quantities from metal oxide and carbonate raw materials.Typically, the ingredients are weighed and mixed in the desiredproportions, and then heated in a bottom-loading furnace to form a meltin platinum alloy crucibles. Heating is conducted to a peak temperature(frequently about 1400 to about 1600° C.) and for a time such that themelt becomes entirely liquid and homogeneous. The molten glass isquenched between counter-rotating stainless steel rollers to form a 10to 15 mil (0.25 to 0.38 mm) thick platelet of glass. The resulting glassplatelets are then milled (typically in water and then dried) to form apowder with a d50 (50% volume distribution) between 0.8 and 1.5 micronswhen measured with an instrument such as a Microtrac X100 Laser ParticleSize Analyzer (Montgomeryville, Pa.).

The mixture of exchanged Li₂RuO₃ particles and frit can be fabricatedinto a resistor by making a thick-film paste. Typically, the pastecontains conductive particles, glass powder, and optional additivesdispersed in an organic medium to produce a screen-printable paste. Theresistance of individual resistor pastes can be varied by adjusting thecontent of the conducting phase in the resistor compositions, and byvarying the weight ratio of the frits and conductive phases present inthe composition. The content of the conductive phase of a compositionmay be adjusted in the same manner as is known for conventionalconductive compositions wherein, for example, the content of Ag/Pd solidsolution powders is adjusted for resistors having a sheet resistance ofless than about 10 ohms/sq., and the content of RuO₂ is adjusted forresistors having a sheet resistance equal to or greater than about 10ohms/sq. Using an exchanged lithium ruthenate composition as theconductive phase and glass compositions from Table 1, sheet resistancesbetween 100 kilohms/sq. and 1 megohm/sq. can be achieved with loadingsof the conductive phase in the range of between about 15 and about 20weight percent of the paste composition. The content of the conductivephase and the frits together typically constitutes about 70 weight % ofthe paste composition.

The inorganic components are typically mixed with an organic medium bymechanical mixing to form the type of viscous compositions known as apaste, and an important property of the paste is that it has aconsistency and rheology suitable for screen printing. A wide variety ofinert viscous materials can be used as the organic medium. The organicmedium must be one in which the inorganic components are dispersiblewith stability. The rheological properties of the medium must be suchthat they lend properties to the composition useful for printing,including: a stable dispersion of solids, a viscosity and thixotropythat is screen printable, ability to wet the substrate and the pastesolids, short drying rate, and stability during firing. The organicmedium used in a thick-film composition formed from a Li₂RuO₃composition hereof is preferably a non-aqueous inert liquid. Use can bemade of any of various organic media, which may or may not containthickeners, stabilizers, and/or other conventional additives. Theorganic medium is typically a solution of polymer(s) in solvent(s).Additionally, a small amount of additives, such as surfactants, may be apart of the organic medium. The most frequently used polymer for thispurpose is ethyl cellulose. Other examples of suitable polymers includeethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, wood rosin, mixtures of ethyl celluloseand phenolic resins, polymethacrylates of lower alcohols, and monobutylether of ethylene glycol monoacetate. The most widely used solventsfound in thick-film compositions are ester alcohols and terpenes such asalpha- or beta-terpineol or mixtures thereof with other solvents such askerosene, dibutylphthalate, butyl carbitol, butyl carbitol acetate,hexylene glycol, and high-boiling alcohols and alcohol esters. Inaddition, volatile liquids for promoting rapid hardening afterapplication on the substrate can be included in the medium. Suitablesurfactants for lithium ruthenate-based resistors include soya lecithinand alkali phosphates. Various combinations of these and other solventsare formulated to obtain the viscosity and volatility requirementsdesired.

The polymer present in the organic medium is typically at a content inthe range of about 8 weight % to about 11 weight % of the totalcomposition. A thick-film resistor composition of this invention may beadjusted to a predetermined, screen-printable viscosity with the organicmedium. The ratio of organic medium in the thick-film composition to theinorganic components in the dispersion may be adjusted in terms of theability of the printing equipment to handle a particular viscosity,thixotropy, and volatility as influenced by the kind of organic mediumused. Usually, the dispersion will contain about 70 to about 95 weight %of inorganic components and about 5 to about 30 weight % of organicmedium in order to obtain good wetting.

The powders are wetted by the organic medium by mechanical mixing. Smallsamples can be hand mixed on a glass surface with a spatula, butimpeller stirrers are typically used for larger volumes of paste. Finalmixing and dispersion of powder particles is accomplished by the use,for example, of a three-roll mill such as the Ross (Hauppauge, N.Y.)three-roll mill [floor model with 4 inch (10.16 cm) diameter×8 inch(20.32 cm) long rolls]. A final paste viscosity between about 150 andabout 300 Pa-sec. [as measured, for example, at 10 rpm and 25° C. with aBrookfield HBF viscometer (Middleboro, Mass.) with #6 spindle] issuitable for screen printing. Screen printing may be accomplished, forexample, by use of an automatic screen printer (such as those fromEngineering Technical Products, Sommerville, N.J.). Either 200 or 325mesh stainless steel screens may be used to achieve resistor driedthickness of 18 microns (on resistors with 0.8 mm length and width). Theresistors may be printed on 1 inch (2.54 cm) squares of 96% aluminasubstrates. Substrates such as those that are 25 mils (0.635 mm) inthickness, as are produced by CoorsTek (Golden, Colo.), may be used forprinting. The resistors may be printed on a pattern of Ag thick-filmterminations which have been previously fired to 850° C. DuPont 5426terminations that have been fired using the recommended 30 minute firingprofile with 10 minutes at the peak firing temperature (DuPontMicroCircuit Materials, Wilmington, Del.) are suitable. Resistors mayalso be fired at 850° C. using a 30 minute profile with 10 minutes atthe peak temperature. A furnace such as a Lindberg Model 800 (Riverside,Mich.) 10-zone belt furnace with 233.5 inch (593.1 cm) belt length maybe used for all firings.

The pastes may additionally contain one or more components selected fromCuO, P₂O₅, and TiO₂.

In various alternative embodiments, this invention provides acomposition comprising particles of Li₂RuO₃ in which Li atoms have beenexchanged for Al, Ga, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, H, Na, Cr, Co, Ni, V, Cu, Zn, or Tiatoms, or a combination thereof. In the composition, at least 50 mol %of the Li atoms may be exchanged, or at least 75 mol % of the Li atomsmay be exchanged.

In the composition, a Li₂RuO₃ particle may comprise first and secondlayers, and more Li atoms may be exchanged in the first layer than inthe second layer. For example, essentially all (e.g., more than 80%,more than 90%, more than 95% or more than 99%) of the Li atoms in thefirst layer may be exchanged, and/or essentially none (e.g. less than20%, less than 10%, less than 5%, or less than 1%) of the Li atoms inthe second layer may be exchanged. The first and second layers may beadjacent. The second layer may also be adjacent on its other side to athird layer in which more Li atoms may be exchanged than in the secondlayer, or in which essentially all of the Li atoms may be exchanged.

In the composition, an atom exchanged for Li may have a 2+ valence, ormay have a 3+ valence. An atom exchanged for Li may comprise one or moremembers of the group consisting of Al, Cu, Mg, Zn, Fe, Ga and Mn. Thecomposition may contain less than 100 ppm, less than 50 ppm, or lessthan 10 ppm lead.

A resistor may be prepared from any of the compositions according tothis invention, and an electronic device such as a circuit board may beprepared using such a resistor.

Also provided by this invention is a method of preparing a Li₂RuO₃composition by (a) providing Li₂RuO₃ particles having an averageparticle diameter between about 0.5 and about 5 microns; and (b)contacting the Li₂RuO₃ particles with a solution comprising ionsprepared from one or more of the elements selected from the groupconsisting of Al, Ga, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Na, H, Cr, Co, Ni, V, Cu, Zn, andTi.

In such a method, the Li₂RuO₃ particles may be milled to an averageparticle diameter between about 0.5 and about 5 microns prior to beingcontacted with the solution of ions, or the Li₂RuO₃ particles may bemilled to an average particle diameter between about 0.5 and about 5microns while being contacted with the solution of ions. Also in thismethod, the Li₂RuO₃ particles may be contacted with the solution of ionsin the presence of a solvent comprising either water, or a mixture ofwater and a water-miscible organic liquid. And the method may alsoinclude the steps of (c) washing the resulting particles free of solublesalts; (d) drying the washed particles; and (e) deagglomerating thedried particles, such as by sieving.

Particle size herein may be determined according to methods as disclosedin U.S. 2007/0102427, which is by this reference incorporated in itsentirety as a part hereof for all purposes.

EXAMPLES

The advantageous attributes and effects of the compositions and methodshereof may be seen in a series of examples (Examples 1˜13), as describedbelow. The embodiments of these compositions and methods on which theexamples are based are representative only, and the selection of thoseembodiments to illustrate the invention does not indicate thatmaterials, conditions, components, reactants, ingredients, techniques orprotocols not described in these examples are not suitable forpracticing these compositions and methods, or that subject matter notdescribed in these examples is excluded from the scope of the appendedclaims and equivalents thereof. The significance of the examples isbetter understood by comparing the results obtained therefrom with theresults obtained from a trial run that is designed to serve as acontrolled experiment (Control A) and provide a basis for suchcomparison since direct mixing of components was used in Control Arather than ion exchange.

In the examples, RuO₂ was obtained from Colonial Metals (Elkton, Md.).The defoamer (Surfynol® DF-58) was obtained from Air Products(Allentown, Pa.). All other chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich(St. Louis, Mo.). The milling jars and media were obtained from Paul O.Abbe (Bensenville, Ill.). The media were ⅜″ cylinders or 2 mm spheres ofyttria-stabilized zirconia.

Example 1 Synthesis of Li₂RuO₃

Li₂CO₃ and RuO₂ were dried at 100° C. overnight before use. 54.42 gLi₂CO₃ and 97.99 g RuO₂ were put into a 1 liter rubber-lined milling jarhalf full of ⅜″ media (1700 g). The jar was rolled at 80 rpm for 24hours. The contents were sieved to remove the media, and the powder wasplaced into shallow alumina trays. The trays were heated at 1000° C. for12 hours in air. This synthesis yielded approximately 120 g of Li₂RuO₃.Powder X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence of Li₂RuO₃ with noimpurity phases.

Example 2 Al Ion Exchange

100 g of Li₂RuO₃ prepared as in Example 1 was put into a 1 literrubber-lined milling jar with 1700 g of ⅜″ media. Sufficient water wasadded to just cover the media and powder. Defoamer (˜1.5 g) was alsoadded to prevent foaming. The jar was rolled at 80 rpm for 48 hours.Then the jar was opened and 76.81 g of Al(NO₃)₃.9H₂O was added.Additional water was also added to fill the jar about three-quartersfull (to minimize additional milling of the particles). Rolling wascontinued another 24 hours. The contents of the mill were screened toseparate the slurry from the media, and the jar and the media werewashed to recover the sample. The slurry and the washings were combinedand centrifuged. The supernate (#1) was decanted; it weighed 1133 g.Additional water was added to the solids, and the solids wereredispersed. The slurry was centrifuged again. The supernate (#2) wasdecanted; it weighed 1301 g. Methanol was added again, and the solidswere redispersed. The slurry was centrifuged again, and the supernatewas decanted (#3); it weighed 1040 g. The solids were dried at 70° C.under vacuum and sieved to −325 mesh.

The three supernates were analyzed for Li, Al, and Ru by ICP-OEP(induction coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy) using a PerkinElmer Optima 5300 V (Waltham, Mass.). The lithium concentrationdecreased from 2985 ppm in #1 to 245 ppm in #2 to 115 ppm in #3. Thealuminum concentration was 8 ppm in #1, 3 ppm in #2, and undetected (<1ppm) in #3. Ruthenium was undetected (<1 ppm) in all three solutions. Byusing the lithium concentrations in the three supernates and theirweights, it is possible to calculate the total weight, and thus weightpercent, of lithium removed. In this case, 45% of the lithium originallypresent was removed and replaced by aluminum. These data demonstratethat the aluminum displaces about half of the lithium in the sample,cannot be washed out, and remains firmly bound within the structure. Theresulting compound, Al_(0.3)Li_(1.1)RuO₃, was analyzed with X-ray powderdiffraction (see the middle pattern of FIG. 1). The pattern showed thatwhat used to be the 100% peak of Li₂RuO₃ (˜18.2° 2θ) is now lower inintensity, and a new peak has grown in at ˜19° 2θ.

Example 3 Cu Ion Exchange

The synthesis in Example 2 was repeated, except 62.49 g of copperacetate dihydrate was substituted for the aluminum nitrate. ICP-OESanalysis was similar to Example 2, in that Li decreased with each wash,and only trace amounts of Cu were detected in any of the supernates. Byusing the lithium concentrations in the three supernates and theirweights, it is possible to calculate the total weight, and thus weightpercent, of lithium removed. In this case, 52.9% of the lithiumoriginally present was removed and replaced by copper. The resultingcompound, Cu_(0.5)LiRuO₃, was analyzed with X-ray powder diffraction.The pattern showed that what used to be the 100% peak of Li₂RuO₃ (˜18.2°2θ) is now lower in intensity, and a new peak has grown in at ˜19° 2θ.

Example 4 Mg Ion Exchange

The synthesis in Example 2 was repeated, except 65.66 g of magnesiumacetate tetrahydrate was substituted for the aluminum nitrate. ICP-OESanalysis of the supernates was similar to Example 2, in that Lidecreased with each wash, and only trace amounts of Mg were detected inthe supernates. By using the lithium concentrations in the threesupernates and their weights, it is possible to calculate the totalweight, and thus weight percent, of lithium removed. In this case,49.66% of the lithium originally present was removed and replaced bymagnesium. The resulting compound, Mg_(0.5)LiRuO₃, was analyzed withX-ray powder diffraction. The pattern showed that what used to be the100% peak of Li₂RuO₃ (˜18.2° 2θ) is now lower in intensity, and a newpeak has grown in at ˜19° 2θ.

Example 5 Zn Ion Exchange

The synthesis in Example 2 was repeated, except 68.64 g of zinc acetatedihydrate was substituted for the aluminum nitrate. ICP-OES analysis ofthe supernates was similar to Example 2, in that Li decreased with eachwash, and only trace amounts of Zn were detected in the supernates. Byusing the lithium concentrations in the three supernates and theirweights, it is possible to calculate the total weight, and thus weightpercent, of lithium removed. In this case, 39.9% of the lithiumoriginally present was removed and replaced by zinc. The resultingcompound, Zn_(0.4)Li_(1.2)RuO₃, was analyzed with X-ray powderdiffraction. The pattern showed that what used to be the 100% peak ofLi₂RuO₃ (˜18.2° 2θ) is now lower in intensity, and a new peak has grownin at ˜19° 2θ.

Example 6 H Ion Exchange

81.47 g Li₂RuO₃, prepared as in Example 1, were put into a 1 literrubber-lined milling jar with 1700 g of ⅜″ media. A solution of 63.12 g99.99% acetic acid and water, sufficient to just cover the media andpowder, was added, and the jar was rolled 93 hours. The powder wasisolated and washed as in Example 2. ICP-OES analysis of the supernateswas similar to Example 2, in that Li decreased with each washing. Byusing the lithium concentrations in the three supernates and theirweights, it is possible to calculate the total weight, and thus weightpercent, of lithium removed. In this case, 69.77% of the lithiumoriginally present was removed and replaced by protons. The resultingcompound, H_(1.40)Li_(0.6)RuO₃, was analyzed with X-ray powderdiffraction. The pattern showed that what used to be the 100% peak ofLi₂RuO₃ (˜18.2° 2θ) is now much lower in intensity (as nearly all of theLi in the Li-only layer has been removed), and a new peak has grown inat ˜19° 2θ.

Example 7 Pre-Milling in Methanol Followed by Cu Ion Exchange

100 g of Li₂RuO₃ prepared as in Example 1 was put into a 1 liter nylonmilling jar with 1700 g of ⅜″ media. Sufficient methanol was added tojust cover the media and powder. The jar was rolled for 6 days at 80rpm. Then 30.69 g copper acetate monohydrate and 100 g water were addedand the rolling continued for 24 additional hours. The pattern showedthat what used to be the 100% peak of Li₂RuO₃ (˜18.2° 2θ) is now lowerin intensity, and a new peak has grown in at ˜19° 2θ. ICP-OES analysisof the supernates was similar to Example 2, in that Li decreased witheach washing. No copper was detected in any of the washes (<1 ppm). Byusing the lithium concentrations in the three supernates and theirweights, it is possible to calculate the total weight, and thus weightpercent, of lithium removed. In this case, 37.03% of the lithiumoriginally present was removed and replaced by copper and protons.

Example 8 Cu and Al Ion Exchange

100 g of Li₂RuO₃ prepared as in Example 1 was put into a 1 literrubber-lined milling jar with 1700 g of ⅜″ media. Sufficient water wasadded to just cover the media and powder. Defoamer (˜1.5 g) was alsoadded to prevent foaming. The jar was rolled at 80 rpm for 48 hours.Then the jar was opened and 61.67 g of Al(NO₃)₃.9H₂O and 14.27 g coppernitrate hemipentahydrate were added. Additional water was also added tofill the jar about three-quarters full (to minimize additional millingof the particles). Rolling was continued another 24 hours. The contentsof the mill were screened to separate the slurry from the media, and thejar and the media were washed to recover the sample. The slurry and thewashings were combined and centrifuged. The supernate (#1) was decanted.Methanol was added, and the solids were redispersed. The slurry wascentrifuged again. The supernate (#2) was decanted. Additional methanolwas added, and the solids were redispersed. The slurry was centrifugedagain, and the supernate was decanted (#3). The solids were dried at 70°C. under vacuum and sieved to −325 mesh. ICP-OES of supernate #1 found 5ppm Al and no Cu, showing that the ion-exchange process had proceededuntil exhaustion of the added cations, resulting in a final compositionof Al_(0.267)Cu_(0.1)LiRuO₃.

Example 9 Rate of Al Ion Exchange

This example demonstrates how rapidly the aluminum is exchanged with thelithium in the structure. 100 g of Li₂RuO₃, prepared as in Example 1,was placed into a 1 liter nylon milling jar with 1700 g of ⅜″ media.Sufficient 2-heptanone was added to just cover the media and powder. Thejar was rolled 96 h at 80 rpm. The sample was isolated with methanol.The slurry was centrifuged and the supernate was decanted. The solidswere dried at 70° C. under vacuum. 90.82 g of this powder was placedinto a 1 liter rubber-lined milling jar with 1700 g of ⅜″ media. 70.15 gAl(NO₃)₃.9H₂O were dissolved in 100 g water and added to the jar.Additional water was added to just cover the media and the powder. 1.46g defoamer was also added. The jar was rolled at 80 rpm and samples weretaken at intervals for ICP-OES analysis. At 1 hour, the Al concentrationwas 3990 ppm. At 2 hours, the Al concentration was 2306 ppm. At 4 hours,the Al concentration was 40 ppm. At 6 hours, the Al concentration wasless than 1 ppm.

Example 10 Fe Ion Exchange

12.38 g Fe(NO₃)₃.9H₂O was Dissolved in about 20 g of water. 10 g ofLi₂RuO₃ was placed into a 125 ml plastic bottle with 250 g of 2 mmmedia. The iron solution was added with sufficient additional water tocover the media and powder. The bottle was placed inside a larger bottleso that it would tumble end-over-end as the larger bottle rolled. Thesample was rolled for 70 h. The solids were isolated as in Example 2.X-ray diffraction of the resulting powder confirmed that the Fe ions hadreplaced a fraction of the Li ions, in that the 100% peak of Li₂RuO₃ wasnow smaller and a new peak had grown in at 19° 2θ.

Example 11 Ga Ion Exchange

7.90 g gallium nitrate hydrate was dissolved in about 20 g of water. 10g of Li₂RuO₃ was placed into a 125 ml plastic bottle with 250 g of 2 mmmedia. The gallium solution was added with sufficient additional waterto cover the media and powder. The bottle was placed inside a largerbottle so that it would tumble end-over-end as the larger bottle rolled.The sample was rolled for 70 h. The solids were isolated as in Example2. X-ray diffraction of the resulting powder confirmed that the Ga ionshad replaced a fraction of the Li ions, in that the 100% peak of Li₂RuO₃was now smaller and a new peak had grown in at 19° 2θ.

Example 12 Mn Ion Exchange

10 g of Li₂RuO₃ was placed into a 125 ml plastic bottle with 250 g of 2mm media. 18.05 g of a 9.32% Mn(II) nitrate solution was added withsufficient additional water to cover the media and powder. The bottlewas placed inside a larger bottle so that it would tumble end-over-endas the larger bottle rolled. The sample was rolled for 70 h. The solidswere isolated as in Example 2. X-ray diffraction on the resulting powderconfirmed that the Mn ions had replaced a fraction of the Li ions, inthat the 100% peak of Li₂RuO₃ was now smaller and a new peak had grownin at 19° 2θ.

Example 13 Resistor Formulation

Aluminum-exchanged Li₂RuO₃ (Example 2) was mixed on a three-roll millwith one or several glass frits. The frit or frit combination is leadfree. The frit composition is in the range of 50 to 63 weight % SiO₂, 0to 10% Al₂O₃, 0 to 10% B₂O₃, 10 to 30% ZnO, 0 to 3% CuO, 3 to 8% BaO, 5to 10% Na₂O, 7 to 17% SrO, 0 to 3% K₂O, and 0 to 4% P₂O₅. The solidpowders were mixed with an organic medium in accordance with the methoddescribed above. 70 weight % powder and 30 weight % organics were used.The organics consisted of a mixture of Aqualon T200 ethylcellulose(Hercules, Wilmington, Del.), terpineol, and soya lecithin. Pasteviscosity was between 220 and 260 Pa.-sec.

The resulting paste was printed on an alumina substrate in a rectangularpattern, 0.8×0.8 mm length and width, and 18 microns dry thickness.Pre-fired 5426 Ag termination were used. The parts were fired in aLindberg 10-zone belt furnace with peak firing temperature of 850° C.(10 minute duration at peak firing temperature). Fired thickness rangedbetween 10 to 14 microns. Electrical data for pastes with 14 and 16weight % conductive are given below.

Resistances are measured at −155, 25, and 125° C. using a two-pointprobe method. A Keithley 2000 multimeter and Keithley 224 programmablecurrent source (Cleveland, Ohio) are used to carry out the measurements.An S & A Engineering 4220AQ thermal test chamber (Scottsdale, Ariz.) isused to achieve the three measurement temperatures. Sheet resistancedata is reported as ohms/square at 25° C. Cold temperature coefficientof resistance (“CTCR”) is defined as[(R_(−55° C.)−R_(25° C.))/(R_(25° C.)×ΔT)]×1,000,000. Hot temperaturecoefficient of resistance (“HTCR”) is defined as[(R_(125° C.)−R_(25° C.))/(R_(25° C.)×ΔT)]×1,000,000. The units of bothHTCR and CTCR are ppm/° C.

Sample A Sample B (14% conductive) (16% conductive) Sheet resistance(ohms/sq.) 4679655 116117 HTCR (ppm/° C.) −239 15 CTCR (ppm/° C.) −354−45 HTCR - CTCR 115 60

This data indicate that a 100 kilohm/sq. resistor prepared from acomposition that includes a Li₂RuO₃ composition as described hereinwould have an H/CTCR of +10/−40 ppm/° C., which is well within the usual±100 ppm specification limit for thick-film resistor compositions.

Control A: Direct Synthesis of Al_(0.333)LiRuO₃

Al₂O₃, Li₂CO₃, and RuO₂ were dried at 100° C. overnight before use.8.497 g Al₂O₃, 18.473 g Li₂CO₃, and 66.535 g RuO₂ were put into a 1liter rubber-lined milling jar half full of ⅜″ media (1700 g). The jarwas rolled at 80 rpm for 24 hours. The contents were sieved to removethe media, and the powder was placed into shallow alumina trays. Thetrays were heated at 1000° C. for 12 hours in air. Powder X-raydiffraction showed the presence of AlLiO₂, RuO₂, and Li₂RuO₃. Thecharacteristic line at ˜19° 2θ, which would indicate Al-doping ofLi₂RuO₃, was not present.

1-26. (canceled)
 27. A composition comprising particles of Li₂RuO₃ inwhich Li atoms have been exchanged for Mg atoms.
 28. A compositionaccording to claim 27 in which at least 50 mol % of the Li atoms havebeen exchanged.
 29. A composition according to claim 27 in which atleast 75 mol % of the Li atoms have been exchanged.
 30. A compositionaccording to claim 27 wherein a Li₂RuO₃ particle comprises first andsecond layers, and more Li atoms are exchanged in the first layer thanin the second layer.
 31. A composition according to claim 30 whereinmore than 80% of the Li atoms in the first layer are exchanged.
 32. Acomposition according to claim 30 wherein less than 20% of the Li atomsin the second layer are exchanged.
 33. A composition according to claim30 wherein the first and second layers are adjacent.
 34. A compositionaccording to claim 27 that is described by formula as follows:Mg_(y)Li_(2-2y)RuO₃ where (2y)≦1.5.
 35. A composition according to claim27 further comprising one or both of an alkali metal, zincalumino-borosilicate frit, and an alkaline-earth metal, zincalumino-borosilicate frit.
 36. A resistor comprising a compositionaccording to claim
 35. 37. A resistor according to claim 36 that has asheet resistance of about 100 kilohms per square to about 10 megohms persquare, and/or a TCR of ±100 ppm/° C.
 38. An electronic devicecomprising a resistor according to claim
 36. 39. A composition accordingto claim 34 further comprising one or both of an alkali metal, zincalumino-borosilicate frit, and an alkaline-earth metal, zincalumino-borosilicate frit.
 40. A resistor comprising a compositionaccording to claim
 39. 41. A resistor according to claim 40 that has asheet resistance of about 100 kilohms per square to about 10 megohms persquare, and/or a TCR of ±100 ppm/° C.
 42. An electronic devicecomprising a resistor according to claim 40.